Tourism Management UAEs Tourism Sector

Question: Describe about the Tourism Management for UAEs Tourism Sector. Answer: Introduction The present paper is wishing to establish an in depth evaluation of the topic of UAEs tourism sector. With the support of technical advancement and enriched natural resources and continuous development in the aviation section, UAE impresses the world with its excellent hospitality and leisure attractions. For example, Dubai, the tourist hub of the nation has welcome near about 15 million tourists in the year 2010. Hence, the present study is attempting to acquire a coherent understanding with the help of secondary data. The paper will be accompanied by thematic analysis for which the assignment will rely on reviewing relevant literary papers. Additionally, significant variables related to the impact of tourism business on the economic aspect of UAE will be discussed with utmost priority. In this respect, it is necessary to note that the research paper is aiming to obtain impressive amount of vital information about the impact of UAEs tourism industry on the countrys current GDP and employment. Therefore, it is to say that the assignment will try to determine whether this particular industry is leading the nation in the path of internationalization or not. Literature review According to Arif et al. (2013), the tourism sector of UAE should be considered as the potential determinant of the nations current GDP rate, which will supposedly mount up to 8.5% this year. Moreover, in the year 2013 the individual contribution of the hospitality and tourism industry upon the nations entire GDP has been about Dh56.5. On the other hand, as per Di Foggia and Lazzarotti (2013), travel and tourism is among one of those sectors which has undergone rapid growth in UAE and the result directly reflects through the employment growth. In the year 2014, the travel and tourism industry single handedly generated near about 307,000 jobs, which include occupations for travel agency, transportation service and jobs in various hotels. Most fortunately, it is being expected that by the year 2025, the tourism sector will be responsible for giving 420,000 jobs to the country. On the other hand, it is significant to denote that in the respect that the travel and tourism sector of UAE i s hugely dependant on the foreign direct investment. As stated by Hatemi-J (2016), the fact that the tourism industry is having success in gaining support from the foreign visitors is evident in the fact that in the year 2014, when the travel and tourism industry generated over AED86.3bn in the visitor export. As per Hatemi-J (2016), the tourism industry of UAE is considered as a strategy the nations government for maintaining the foreign cash flow in the domain. It can be said that the strategy is running fruitfully considering the increasing number of international tourists. The government of UAE to supplies an impressive amount of investment for the advancement of the infrastructure facility of the tourism industry. Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that the countrys tourism industry is acting as a strategic position in terms of geography, economy and culture between the west and the east zone of the world. As opined by Di Foggia and Lazzarotti (2013), the nation is being one of the leading tourism destinations in the entire region since the unification of seven in UAE emirates. From about 42 years ago, the country started strengthening its aviation sector in terms of tourism by creating Airways of Emirates and Etihad. However, as argued by Khan (2014), the rampant improvement in the tourism industry has been influenced by the establishment of metro station and shopping malls. Based on Khan (2014), as part of the bright outcome of the prosperous tourism business of UAE, the country has developed a high range of living. Probably, the most significant determinant of UAEs present success in the field of travel and tourism is the governments decision to maintain a zero tax policy. On the other hand, the council of Gulf Corporation celebrates the place for being the safest territory. For example, most of the time tourist comes to the place to visit the Mosques for understanding the cultural history and ethnicity of the place. Most importantly, the entire aspect of tourism in UAE has attracted several international brands due to which lifestyle and fashion statement of the country have also improvised. However, based on Mansfeld and Winckler (2015), tourism has opened up the door for worldwide shopping festival that has considerable hosted more than 50 million tourists from all over the world. Therefore, it can be perceived that the aspect of tourism is acting as a asset for the nation in terms of every aspect. Framework of the study From the literature review above, two particular variables can be identified, which could be evaluated and measured fruitfully. The literature review has indicated that the tourism and travel sector of UAE has strongly determined the countrys economic position in the current scenario. Therefore, it is easy to perceive that the dependable variable would be the economic growth of UAE, whereas the independent variable would be the impact of UAEs tourism. Hence, for measuring the influence of the travel and tourism sector on UAEs economy, the paper is attempting to measure the variables through thematic analysis. Model and data As discussed above, to evaluate the variables successful along with acquiring a fruitful result, relevant data will be collected through secondary research method. The territory of travel and tourism is wide, thus it would not be possible to undertake a primary analytical method. Hence, the research paper would review and take help from relevant journal articles, books and online newspaper articles related to each of the individual variables. Results and interpretations From the secondary research method, it has been understood that the tourism industry has been playing the role of a determining factor for the economic growth. The following statistical figures are the active evidences of the fact Figure 1: Growth of UAEs food and beverage industry (Source: Telfer and Sharpley 2015) Figure 2: GDP composition (Source: Telfer and Sharpley 2015) The first statistical figure is indicative of the fact that the food and beverage industry of UAE has gradually increased from the year 2014 and the figure implicates a lucrative growth of this sector in the years 2017 2019. However, the second figure indicates relatively less impressive data as it displays that the contribution of tourism sector on UAEs GDP is comparatively low than the energy and real estate sector (Riasi and Pourmiri 2016). Conclusion From the entire research paper, it can be established that the impact of the tourism industry on the economy of UAE is positive as an inspiring amount of contribution of this industry is reflected through the GDP. On the other hand, increasing employment rate and cultural diversity should also be regarded as two remarkable results of the advancement of this industry. However, it is still unfortunate as per one of the statistical figures that tourism industrys contribution is less accomplishable in comparison with the power and real estate business. References Arif, M., Gupta, A. and Williams, A., 2013. Customer service in the aviation industryAn exploratory analysis of UAE airports.Journal of Air Transport Management,32, pp.1-7. Di Foggia, G. and Lazzarotti, V., 2013. Business implications of local development policies: The case of Dubai and the travel industry.Theoretical and empirical researches in urban management,8(1), p.78. Hatemi-J, A., 2016. On the tourism-led growth hypothesis in the UAE: a bootstrap approach with leveraged adjustments.Applied Economics Letters,23(6), pp.424-427. Khan, S.M., 2014. UAE's Travel Tourism Sector and its Multiplier Socio-Economic Effects.Defence Journal,18(4), p.64. Mansfeld, Y. and Winckler, O., 2015. Can this be spring? Assessing the impact of the Arab Spring on the Arab tourism industry.Turizam: znanstveno-stru?ni ?asopis,63(2), pp.205-223. Riasi, A. and Pourmiri, S., 2016. Examples of Unsustainable Tourism in Middle East.Environmental Management and Sustainable Development,5(1), pp.69-85. Telfer, D.J. and Sharpley, R., 2015.Tourism and development in the developing world. Routledge. Zaidan, E., Taillon, J. and Lee, S., 2016. Societal implications of UAE tourism development.Anatolia,27(4), pp.543-545.

MBA Sample Essay Goals - Find Out How To Write Business Essays With A Ghostwriter

MBA Sample Essay Goals - Find Out How To Write Business Essays With A GhostwriterMBA sample essay goals are available in a number of online sources. They can also be purchased from some bookstores. However, if you are interested in writing an MBA sample essay, you might consider hiring the services of a ghostwriter or writer.You may be wondering how a ghostwriter would be able to take on the responsibility of writing MBA sample essay goals. This is because you have to consider that this service can be quite expensive, especially if you hire one of these writers to write your essay. In fact, it will cost you anywhere from $200 to $300 to hire a ghostwriter for just one essay.It's true that hiring a writer can definitely be worth the effort, especially if it means having hard work written all over your resume. On the other hand, it will be helpful if you consider that hiring a ghostwriter for your essays could lead to your entire resume being rejected. By the same token, the possibilit y of getting an essay you really like is slim to none. Therefore, you should think about these factors before choosing a ghostwriter to write your essays.The current economic climate is one of the reasons why many employers have recently started to look into hiring ghostwriters. It is because the financial position of some companies is not at the top notch level. This has caused many employers to require their candidates to submit their essays through ghostwriters.If you consider that there are many factors to consider when hiring a ghostwriter, then you should consider the following: do you know how much you will be spending on the services of a ghostwriter? Do you know if you will be working with someone who understands your needs or someone who will simply make the job harder for you?At this point, you can determine whether you are willing to spend the money that you will likely lose as a result of the services of a ghostwriter. Perhaps you will not want to hire a ghostwriter to write your essays if the content is going to be weak. You may even prefer that you spend more time focusing on developing your writing skills, while you continue with your normal job.However, as you can see, hiring a ghostwriter is not the best option if you are looking for an MBA sample essay. Instead, you should consider hiring a freelance writer who can do the work for you.

All the SAT Idioms You Need Complete List

All the SAT Idioms You Need Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Idiom questions on the SAT are different than most of the other grammar questions. Why? Idiom questions can't be figured out by applying a specific rule. You have to rely on your general knowledge of English and your familiarity with certain phrases. Because you’re likely to encounter a couple of idiom questions on the SAT Writing and Language subsection, I’ll provide you with some information about idioms that should help you raise your SAT score. In this post, I’ll do the following: Explain the concept of an idiom. Detail the most common type of idiom questions on the SAT Writing and Language subsection. Offer strategies to help you identify and correctly answer idiom questions. Give a thorough SAT idiom list to help guide your studying. Provide you with practice questions to test you on what you’ve learned. What Is an Idiom? Idioms are phrases or expressions that do not conform to simple rules. Each idiom, by definition, is unique. Most people think of idioms as expressions that often have figurative meanings different from their literal meanings. Examples of this type of idiom include "at the drop of the hat," "beat around the bush," and "in over (one's) head." However, the SAT does not test you on these colloquial expressions. SAT Writing and Language idiom questions will test you on different types of idioms. How Are Idioms Tested in SAT Writing and Language? While the SAT does not test you on the figurative expressions I referenced above, the SAT may test you on two types of idioms: prepositional idioms and idioms with gerunds/infinitives. Prepositional Idioms For prepositional idioms, you must know which prepositions to use with a given word based on the context of the sentence. For example, you should say that you're "interested in" something, not "interested at" something. You "focus on" something, not "focus at" something. There is no rule to determine the correct preposition to use. You must be familiar with the phrase or rely on what you think "sounds right." Here's an example sentence with a prepositional idiom: Because he laughed when his friend fell down, Justin was accused of being devoid at sympathy. You may encounter a sentence like this on your SAT. In the sentence, there is no violation of a specific grammar rule. However, "devoid at" is an idiom error. Why? Well, the correct phrase is "devoid of." The corrected version of the sentence looks like this: Because he laughed when his friend fell down, Justin was accused of being devoid of sympathy. The expression "devoid of" means without. Familiarity with the given expression greatly helps to identify an idiom error. There is another type of idiom that may be tested on the SAT. Idioms with Gerunds or Infinitives Gerunds are verbs that are used as nouns and end in "ing." Examples of gerunds include running, jumping, and thinking. Infinitives are verbs used as nouns and are constructed by using the word "to" plus a verb. Examples of infinitives include to run, to jump, and to think. What are some examples of idioms with gerunds or infinitives? The correct phrase is "capable of being," not "capable as being." The proper idiomatic expression is "mind being,"not "mind to be."For these types of idioms, you need to know which preposition to use and whether to use a gerund or an infinitive. With some idioms, depending on the context, it is acceptable to use an infinitive or a gerund. Here's an example: I struggle to do geometry. Or, you can also write: I struggle doing geometry. Both sentences are correct. Here is a sentence with an idiom error: Bob insists at being annoying. Do you recognize the idiom error? Do you know the right idiom? This is the corrected version of the sentence: Bob insists on being annoying. Again, there is no rule to learn that lets you know that the phrase should be "insists on being" instead of "insists at being." This is another example of an idiom error: Julietends being worrisome. Check out the sentence after the idiom error is corrected: Julie tends to be worrisome. The infinitive form should be used with the word "tends" instead of the gerund form. Now let's look at idiom questions from the SAT. Real Examples Here are a couple of idiom questions from the College Board's practice tests. Explanation:The infinitive "to be" is incorrectly used with the verb "serves." In this sentence, the proper idiomatic expression is "serves as." The correct answer is B. See if you can figure out this idiom question: Explanation: The correct idiomatic expression is "as a means of." The answer is B. Why Are Idiom Questions Difficult/Easy? Why They're Difficult Idiom questions can be challenging because other grammar questions follow specific rules or patterns that can be applied to all sentences. Idiom questions test your knowledge of specific idiomatic expressions. Literally, there are thousands of idioms. It's not practical to try to remember each one. Furthermore, ESL students are less likely to be able to identify idiom errors. Those who have recently learned English have had less exposure to idiomatic expressions and can't learn all of the correct expressions by memorizing a rule. Why They're Easy Idiom questions are one of the few types of grammar questions where solely relying on what "sounds right" is likely to give you the right answer. These questions don't require you to understand and apply a rule. If you're familiar with the specific idioms that appear on your SAT, you can easily spot any idiom errors. SAT Tips for Idiom Questions #1: If a preposition, gerund, or infinitive is underlined, check for idiom errors. #2: The question may be testing idioms if the answer choices are all prepositions. #3:Keep a list of idioms that appear on practice tests. #4: Review and familiarize yourself with the list of idioms below. Complete List of SAT Writing Idioms While there are thousands of idioms in the English language, SAT idiom questions will most likely involveprepositional idioms or idioms with gerunds/infinitives. I've listed some of the more common prepositional idioms and idioms with gerunds/infinitives to help guide your studying. Idioms that have appeared on questions in the College Board’s practice tests are listed first. It's not practical for you to memorize every single idiom on this list. There will probably only be a couple of idiom questions on your SAT Writing and Language subsection. Spending numerous hours learning hundreds of idioms wouldn't be the best use of your study time. However, I do recommend that you review this list periodically to become more familiar with these phrases. Thinking about proper idiom construction should benefit you when you encounter idiom questions on the SAT. You'll improve your intuitive grasp of idioms and be able to better recognize idiom errors. Here's my thorough list of idioms: IDIOMS FROM SAT PRACTICE TESTS as a means of serve as wait for in order to be PREPOSITIONAL IDIOMS About anxious about ask about bring about curious about hear about think about talk about worry about Against adviseagainst argue against count against decide against defend against go against rebel against As celebrate as regard as see as view as At aim at arriveat laugh at look at succeedat By accompanied by amazed by confused by followed by go by impressed by organized by struck by For advocate for ask for blame for famous for known for last for meant for named for necessary for pay for ready for responsible for tolerance for strive for wait for watch for From abstain from different from excuse from far from obvious from protect from Into enter into lookinto inquire into read into In engage in fall in love in Aas inB interested in succeed in take in On base on draw on focus on impose on insist on move on prey on rely on Over argue over ruleover talk over thinkover Of approve of capable of certainof characteristic of combination of A and B cure of deprive of die of a fan of in danger of in the hope of in recognition of made up of a model of an offer of on the border of remind of a selection of a source of suspicious of take advantage of an understanding of a wealth of To able to accustomed to adapt to adhere to admit to adjacent to agree to as opposed to belong to central to come to contribute to devoted to in addition to in contrast to listen to object to prefer Ato B partial to reluctant to reply to see to similar to a threat to try to (NOT try and) unique to With agree with bargain with correlate with familiar with identify with in keeping with interfere with sympathize with trust with GERUNDS VS. INFINITIVES Verbs Followed by a Gerund accuse of admire for allow appreciate capable of complete concentrate on confess to consider delay describe discourage from discuss dislike effective at enjoy escape finish forbid imagine insist on permit plan on postpone refrain from report resent resume stop tolerate PrepositionsFollowed by a Gerund before after without Verbs Followed by an Infinitive agree attempt choose condescend dare decide deserve encourage expect fail intend love mean neglect offer plan prepare promise refuse scramble seem strive swear tend threaten want Additional Practice Congratulations on successfully making it to this point in the article! I know that was a long list. By now, you should understand the concept of idioms and how idioms are tested on the SAT. I've created some realistic SAT questions on idioms for you. Consider the proper construction of idiomatic expressions and try to answer these questions without referring to the list above. 1. Diligent research performed byeducation scholars indicatesthat moretime spent studying correlates frombetter educational outcomes. A. NO CHANGE B. of C. with D. Delete the underlined portion 2. Because she is extremelyprotective, Renee hopes to preventher younger sister formaking irresponsible decisions atparties. A. NO CHANGE B. to C. from D. at 3.After beinginterrogated bythe police for five hours, Ken admitted to beingguilty of racketeering and money laundering. A. NO CHANGE B. to be C. to having D. is 4.Even thoughshe was expected doingall of the domestic labor, Natasha wasunwilling to conformto traditional gender roles. A. NO CHANGE B. to do C. at D. having done Answers: 1. C, 2. C, 3. A, 4. B What's Next? Now that the maximum score for the SAT is a 1600, find out what's a good score on the new SAT. Find out how to find your target score. Finally, learn whether you should take the SAT or the ACT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

How to Use French Double Negatives

How to Use French Double Negatives Grammarians insist that two negatives make a positive. While this may be true in English, in French two negatives usually make a stronger negative. Double negation is very common in French, particularly informal French. However, there are some rules and regulations when using double negatives in French. Double Negation With N e... Pas When ne... pas is used in a double negative with rien, it negates rien so that the meaning is not nothing:Ce nest pas rien.Its not nothing Its something.Ne... pas cannot be used with aucun, jamais, or personne.Wrong: Je nai pas aucun ami.Right: Je nai aucun ami.I have no friends.Wrong: Je ne veux pas jamais grandir.Right: Je ne veux jamais grandir.I never want to grow up.Wrong: Je nai pas vu personne.Right: Je nai vu personne.I didnt see anyone. Double Negation With​ ​Ne... Jamais and Ne... Plus Jamais and plus can be used with one another and with the negative words aucun, personne, and rien.On ne voit jamais aucune perfection.One never sees any perfection.Literally, One never sees no perfection.Je nai jamais blessà © personne.I have never hurt anyone.Literally, I have never hurt no one.Je nai jamais rien volà ©.I have never stolen anything.Literally, I have never stolen nothing.Je nai plus aucun argent.I dont have any money any more.Literally, I dont have no money any more.Je ne peux plus jamais lui parler.I can never talk to him again.Literally, I cant never talk to him again.Je ne vois plus personne.I dont see anyone any more.Literally, I dont see no one any more. Ne... Pas Que Ne... pas que is a special case. The negative adverb ne... que means only, so ne... pas que means not only:Il ny avait que des hommes.There were only men. vs.Il ny avait pas que des hommes.There werent only men.Je ne regrette quune chose.I regret only one thing. vs.Je ne regrette pas quune chose.I dont regret only one thing.

Enron Corporation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enron Corporation - Assignment Example Its CEO Ken Lay was one of President George W. Bush’s personal friends. Both Ken Lay and CFO Jeff Skilling and later Andrew Fastow were regarded as leaders to emulate. Smart, suave and ambitious, they were regarded as the embodiment of corporate success. But a series of events quickly turned the tables on the fortunes of this billion dollar company and its management. In fact, even its auditors Arthur Andersen were considered culpable and not only removed as incompetent, but the fallout of the entire debacle caused them to close down their businesses all across the world. In hindsight and as a result of investigations, it was determined that there were a number of reasons behind the inglorious fall and demise of this once great enterprise. Notwithstanding the obvious reasons why the CEO, CFO and some other heads of business departments worked in unison to give a highly false and misleading picture to corporate America and the public at large, it seems that they surely thought they were the smartest guys in the room and could continue to hoodwink the masses with false notions of success. Was It a Question of Structure? The puzzling fact is that why did it take so long for the facts to unravel and the truth to reveal itself. With a corporation the size of Enron, and its business interests spread all over the world, it seems amazing that the real state of affairs was kept out of the eyes of employees, what to say of the general public. Did the reporting structure have something to do with it? Auditors combing through the records of the failed corporation have noticed that the scale of the accounting fraud was widespread and resonated throughout most of the corporation. This included false and creative reporting, misclassification of assets and liabilities and other such manipulations. In fact right from 1997 till its demise, Enron top executives were concerned with over-reporting profits and revenues and understating liabilities and expenses to present an i ncorrect picture of success to the world (Maclean & Elkind, 2003). So the whole edifice was crumbling and it was a case of rampant and collusive corruption and misreporting at almost all levels. The matrix reporting structure, where one reports to a direct supervisor as well as a regional head elsewhere is suggested as a good dual reporting mechanism to prevent irregularities. Was it a Question of Exceeding One’s Scope of Authority? Another reason that has been pointed out as the cause of the demise of Enron was that executives tended to exceed their limits or boundaries of authority. In fact, Ken Lay has claimed that he sometimes did not know exactly what Skilling and Fastow were doing in terms of coking up the books and presenting a false picture to investors and the general public. But the fact remains that authority and responsibility cannot be separated. Ken Lay as CEO must be held criminally liable for the doings of his CFOs as it was he who directed them to get the res ults that were shown on the books. So, even this argument does not hold weight. Executives are responsible for their own actions and directives, no matter what the chain of command. Was it a Question of Corporate Culture? Another excuse or reason pointed for the collapse of Enron was that it was due to the corporate culture of success that the executives had created over the years. Enron had earned a name for itself under Lay, and he wanted to remain

Fair Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fair Trade - Essay Example From humble beginnings in the Netherlands with the Max Havelaar label, the concept of fair trade has now grown into an international movement that buys produce direct from farmers and cooperatives in 48 countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America. The promise of fair trade is simple: that the producer will be paid a fair price for his or her product over a guaranteed long-term period, protecting farmers in poor countries from the vagaries of a volatile world market. Fair-trade labelling schemes now operate in 19 countries. Growth has been so rapid that an international coordinating body -- the Fair-trade Labelling Organisation -- has been established to monitor and maintain standards. In the UK, the certification body is called the Fairtrade Foundation, which now gives its stamp of approval to hundreds of products, from snacks such as chocolate brownies to consumer desirables such as t-shirts and footballs. (Barrientos 2006) Growth rates in the fair-trade market would make even the most seasoned capitalist giddy -- sales were up 51 per cent in 2004, and an impressive 140million rang through shop checkouts under the Fairtrade label in the UK. According to the Fairtrade Foundation, three million fair-trade hot drinks are brewed in the UK every day. There is even a fair-trade lifestyle magazine, New Consumer. All this despite the fact that fair-trade products -- almost by definition -- are more expensive than their conventional competitors. This 'premium' is essentially the price Western consumers are prepared to pay to know that their purchasing decisions are ethically sound. Fair trade has become a major high-street brand, communicating certain ethical qualities about the product to the consumer in a same way that brands such as Gap and Nike sell themselves on beauty and celebrity. Not for nothing are fair-trade products often covered with pictures of smiling farmers explaining how their fair deal has become a lifeline for themselves and their families. Rather than simply giving money to charity, fair-trade consumers feel that they are participating in a less paternalistic, more sustainable two-way exchange. (Cooper 2005) In addition, fair trade is now going mainstream. The charity Oxfam is taking on the might of Starbucks with a new chain of coffee shops under the name Progreso, stocked entirely with fair-trade lattes, cappuccinos, teas and cakes. (Davies 2003) Tesco recently launched an own-label range of fair-trade products, including coffee, chocolate and fresh fruit, much to the consternation of some campaigners, who have accused the giant retailer of profiteering by marking up fair-trade produce by more than the premium that goes to producers. Even Starbucks, long a target for anti-globalisation protesters, now does a flourishing line in fair-trade coffees. Cafedirect, which pioneered fair-trade coffee in the UK, is now Britain's sixth-largest coffee brand, and recently launched a sizeable share issue on the open market. However, in financial terms, fair trade remains a niche market, concentrated on an

Gender inequity in sports

Gender inequity in sports This essay will seek to describe the issue of women in sports, and discuss the reasons for this, with relevance to some of the concepts covered in this course. It will also go on to discuss the improvements and positives observed in recent years, and explore some other possible measures to improve the situation in the future. 2. Background In Ancient Olympics, competitive sports were masculine affairs. While males compete to show their prowess, women were prohibited to even watch competitions, much less compete. Quite simply, even in this day and age of supposed equality and meritocracy, sport still remains a male domain, especially on the community level. Even with improved opportunities and treatment, there is still an invisible barrier between sport and the everyday woman. In the next section, this essay shall explore some of the reasons for this situation. 3. Reasons 3.1 Introduction to Gender Ideology in sports The concept of ideology is one that we take for granted, or rather, something we do not even think about. It refers to the ideas and explanations we have been given since young, to explain personal and social life. We have been using our ingrained ideologies to make decisions and judgments ever since we could, without ever questioning or knowing them. In addition, Taylor (1994) mentioned that our identities are formed based on dialogical relations with our significant others. In other words, the complexities of our identities are not formed through cultural identification alone (monologic model) but through the interactions with people who are important to us. Gender, even more so than race or class, is a pivotal organizing factor in social life. While a persons sex is decided by physical characteristics such as genitalia, gender is a social construct formed and shaped by the society (James A. Banks).It is the fundamental way humans classify each other. Thus, we are especially reliant on gender ideology and it is extremely influential on how we organize our thoughts, actions and lives, and how parents bring up their offspring. The deep-rootedness of gender ideology means that everyone makes decisions based on it, from children, teenagers, parents to people in power. Gender ideology plays a big role in how sport has been carried out throughout the ages. The idea that men are supposed to be strong, aggressive, fast and competitive is reproduced in many sports. Conversely, women are not encouraged to play sports because the above traits are not associated with women (womens athletics: coping with controversy). Thus, a woman exhibiting the above traits would be going against the gender ideology that most people submit to, and this would make her an anomaly. A woman would have to cope not only with her community seeing her as not feminine, she also has to deal with lack of resources and financial support because her politicians also have the same ideology and do not support women in sport. Fortunately, the situation has considerably improved from the past. 3.2 Gender Ideology: dominance and stereotypes The fact that males are the dominant group is also accepted by most as part of their understanding of gender ideologies. This is correspondent to John Clammers point that social inequalities are seen as natural and hence not to be tampered with. Thus, sport has also suffered as a consequence of the dominant group pulling the strings and the subordinate group accepting it as it is. In the catalogue of marginality as discussed in Tatum (1997), gender is one of the categories of dominance and subordination. The dominant group, in this case male, are seen as the norm for sports. This element of identity is therefore taken for granted, giving males the power and authority to control females, who are members of the subordinate group. As a result, the inequities go unnoticed by the males. Furthermore, the stereotypical representations of the males may lead females to focus on their difference from the norm and lose belief in their own abilities and equal rights to sports. Tatums point about the catalogue of marginality is also relevant to the situation. Members of the dominant group, in this case males, take it for granted and do not notice the inequities. Whereas Tatum says that members of the subordinate groups, in this case females, further focus on their difference from the norm and lose belief in their abilities and equal rights to sports. Peoples submission to gender ideologies has led to the persistence of certain stereotypes. A simple example would be the one where girls are supposed to like pink and boys are not supposed to. This can be seen from the fact that the majority of girls schoolbags are sold in pink color, and boys bags can be in any other color but pink. This may seem harmless enough, but consider it that people also submit to the idea that boys like to do sports, girls do not. Or worse still, boys need to do sports to become manly, but girls do not need to, thus they do not need to do sports. This is a common idea perpetuated by many, unknowingly, due to their deep-rooted gender ideologies. As parents give a football to their sons and a doll to their daughters, they are again passing on the wrong message to their children. Although some may argue that parents are giving these gifts based on their childs interests, research has shown that girls and boys between the ages of six and nine are actually equal ly interested in sports. (XXX, intro section) The ideas that women are weak, vulnerable and susceptible have also led to other myths preventing women from taking part in sport. The media, another institution controlled by the dominant group in society, males, have assisted in perpetuating the following myths about women who play sports that they become unfeminine, develop eating disorders, suffer more knee injuries because of weaker female anatomy, and become lesbians. (XXX, intro section) These myths may sound ridiculous to the women of today, but these were real reasons women in the past were prevented from taking part in sport. And definitely, there are families around today who are not supporting their daughters sporting interests due to the fact that women are weak and should not be partaking in vigorous activity. Even within the sporting arena, less rough and less demanding sports were created for women e.g. netball and softball. In the case of netball, basketball was deemed too aggressive and manly, thus, a non-contact s port where players were not allowed to touch each other and leave their boundaries was created for women. Even if girls do persevere in sports, they often find themselves playing with boys and in the minority (need paraphrase). Based on the above circumstances mentioned, girls lack opportunities to play and develop motor skills. As a result, the rate of girls (by age 14) dropping out of sports is six times higher than boys. In such situation, boys do not positively reinforce the participation of girls. Clammer (?) hypothesized that reinforcing of the category race as the dominant mode of social classification is a product of the dominant ideology in Singapore. In this case, males are being reinforced Reinforcing of male as a dominant force in sport reinforces gender as a dominant mode of social classification. The creation and reinforcing of race as the dominant public mode of social classification is itself a product of the dominant ideology or political culture, which is strongly Chinese in its characteristics. 3.3 Gender ideology: Trivialization of women in sports The media, as described above, is another controlling arm of the dominant group in society, and has a big part to play in the trivialization of womens sports. Up till as recent as the 1990s, horses and dogs were accorded more column inches in US sports pages than women. And even now, 90 percent of all sports television hours are devoted to mens sports. Womens events are seen as less important and are less likely to be covered by the media. Only in major competitions such as the Olympic Games, or feminine events such as ice-skating and gymnastics, do we see the achievement of female athletes. And there is a lack of inspirational and positive stories about the triumph of female athletes. All too often, male reporters sensationalize stories of women athletes who challenge men, of women athletes being stabbed or abused, or of women athletes dying from eating disorders. Another way both the media and spectator trivialize womens sport, is seeing it as second rate because women do not have the same power and speed as men. People who persist in such ideas feel that since women cannot perform to the same physical standards as men, they do not deserve the same support. This is an example of how members of the dominant group dictate what the norm for humanity is (Tatum). Although top women athletes have also excelled in their sport through discipline, skill and finesse, some are still not according women with equal recognition. Charles Taylors point of misrecognition comes into focus here. In this case, those who are trivializing womens sport are not giving equal respect and dignity to women, though like men, they are also human beings. Womens efforts in sports are being misrecognised as inferior and not worthy of appreciation. 3.4 Gender Ideology: New factors The gender ideologies that privileged sport as an exclusive male domain and resigned women as weak are not as strong as in the past. However, gender ideologies about the general role of men and women in society are still hampering the progress of women in sport today. Consider a household in this day and age; typically, both husband and wife would be pursuing careers. And still, it is the wife who is the one who has to shoulder the responsibility of childcare and housekeeping. This means, during her limited free time, a working mother who may have the interest and inclination towards sports has to sacrifice her time for her household instead (Teo, 1999). The male in the household still has more freedom for athletic and leisure pursuits, due to the longstanding ideology that women are the housekeepers. 4. Improvements and positives As aforementioned in portions of the essay, the situation has improved considerably over the years. The global womens movement over the past thirty years has helped to challenge the traditional roles that women have and weakened male control over womens lives. The movement has also emphasized that womens lives are enriched when they develop themselves physically and intellectually. These ideas and changes have aided in emancipating women especially in developed nations, encouraging them to participate in and pursue sports. (sport in society) Specifically in the sports arena, there have also been leaps of improvement in the quest for equal rights. In the United States, since Title IX was passed in 1972, women have had a legal basis to push towards equity in college and high school sports. Of course, equity is still not a reality in terms of facilities, programs, funding, and media coverage. But there has been encouraging signs; participation, peer, and self-acceptance of womens sports have all increased in the past 10-15 years. (women, sport and culture). To cite a recent example, the Pakistani womens cricket team won Pakistans first Asian Games gold medal in eight years an achievement that would not have been possible if women in the country did not have decent access to sports (Chang, 2010). This milestone points to the need for even better reform of ideologies and better opportunities for women in developing countries. Achieving gender equity through a multicultural education Multicultural education is a reform process which features the importance of all students despite gender and other social categories having equal opportunity to school (Banks). Stereotypical gender differences in sports have denied girls participation in physical activities. In physical education context, a PE teacher has to understand that the dynamics of gender can influence ones knowledge of students. Failing to do so may result in simplistic prescription of pedagogy (Grant). Teachers being aware of stereotypical perceptions of females in sports can correct the misconception amongst girls that sports is not for them. This can be done through modifying their teaching approaches to encourage girls in class that they can also excel or benefit in sports. 5. Conclusion Although sport participation and the acceptance and support of female athletes has increased exponentially since the late 1970s, future increases are not a given And even now, the reality is that women in some societies still struggle against the traditional gender ideologies that hamper their participation in sport. In developed countries, gender inequities still exist in support, funding, and sport-related jobs. To further effect change, the gender ideologies that are related to sport must be put out onto the table and examined, before any subsequent action can be taken. (sports in society). Multicultural education is a platform for achieving greater gender equity in sports.